If we can choke off the funds that can be spent on buying ads on such platforms, we would then have some amount of control on our elections.
With the elections in the offing, different groups – the Free Software Movement of India, Association for Democratic Reforms, Common Cause, etc. – have raised a key issue: how to stop the Indian elections from being distorted by big digital platforms and the enormous influence they exercise over us today. And as “influence” on these platforms can be bought, will Indian elections, already plagued by money power, suffer even further? Added to this, is the enormous ecosystem of fake news, which the BJP, the RSS and its “parivar” have built over the last few years. Along with the old rumour mills for spreading riots and hate, new ones have now been added which also threaten our democracy.
What is different about the digital platforms, as distinct from other forms of mass media? There are two major ways that the digital platforms differ from the existing mass media. There are some basic restrictions that can be exercised on the existing mass media, such as newspapers and television, during elections: these mass media platforms had to declare what was an advertisement and what was paid news. Therefore, they could be policed more easily. The second regulation was that the Election Commission could institute rules which the mass media had to follow, such as provide equitable access to political parties in terms of air time, etc.
None of these controls or regulations may have worked as they were meant to, but there were hopes that with a greater awareness and regulatory will, it might be possible to improve these measures and reach some degree of fairness in the elections. But with the digital platforms and their micro-targeting of individual “consumers”, we have entered a completely new world. We need to evolve and understand what are the equivalent measures for digital platforms that we now have to take in order to bring some degree of fairness to the elections.
First, the key issue: how much do digital platforms influence the elections?
Let us understand how advertisements work for selling goods, and then treat the elections as ad agencies would do: “selling” parties and candidates. For the old-fashioned mass media – print and television – whose primary revenue is from advertisements, selling ads to consumers was more in the nature of a scattergun approach. They did not know who were reading what items, or viewing what programs on television. At best, they would think of the sports page with a certain kind of reader, as distinct from say, the fashion page. This kind of distinction – or demography of the reader/viewer – was a very broad one.
Also read: The Discontents of the Data Universe
What Google or Facebook do, is that they know the individual reader/viewer much better, and can send precise information on goods she might be thinking of buying. This is what in the ad world is called micro targeting.
It is much more effective as a strategy for advertising. That is why digital platforms today generate more ad revenue than any other form of media, and are slated to be more than all the others combined by 2025! In India, just Google and Facebook are expected to be worth 2 billion dollars, or about 20 per cent in revenue in 2018, out of a total market of 10.4 billion dollars. And these are just two companies as against the total ad revenue of all the print media (newspapers and magazines), TV, radio, cinema and outdoor billboards!
While Google and Facebook are not the only digital platforms, they are certainly much bigger than their competitors. In simple internet traffic terms, they are 70 per cent of the internet traffic, and in terms of revenue, they get more than 60 per cent of all the digital ad revenue. They are the big fish in the digital pond; or more correctly, the big whales in the digital ocean!
In addition to the primary instruments that Google and Facebook had – in case of Google the search engine and Gmail, and for Facebook, of course, Facebook itself – that they are now sitting on a huge pile of cash helping them buy other platforms. Google owns YouTube through such acquisition, the same way now Facebook owns WhatsApp and Instagram, consolidating their monopoly power even further.
Why does the rise of digital platforms threaten our elections? One is the sheer money power that can be exercised through the use of digital platforms. The digital “space” in which such advertising can be done is virtually unlimited – the number of Facebook pages, YouTube videos, websites and web pages, etc. The second is the number of new ways advertising can be done in. There is not only micro-targeting of the “viewers”, but also myriads of ways in which they can be targeted. They can limit or increase the number of your followers who will be able to see your “posts” on Facebook timeline, add or limit new followers, decide how much prominence is to be given to your posts, and so on.
A number of these platforms use off-shore companies for receiving their ad payments: they even deny that they are under Indian law. And if the intention of the companies is to hide how much ad revenue it is generating from the parties or their fronts, it is difficult to track these amounts, owing to the opaque accounting practices of these companies and multiple jurisdictions in which they operate.
Also read: ‘Patriotism’ Made Easy in Times of ‘WhatsApp Elections’
Advertising on digital platforms is buying influence, or what Tim Wu, the Colombia Law School professor, who coined the term net neutrality, calls buying our attention capital. To this, we have now to add the ecosystem of fake news that has been created on the digital platforms. As we have discussed earlier in these columns, fake news travels faster and wider than real news – it becomes “viral” more easily – further complicating the problem. The point to remember here is that virality is the business model of digital platforms: the more a post or a video becomes viral, the more revenue the platform receives. So, the argument that digital platforms should control fake news is akin to asking the thieves to police themselves.
So, what is to be done? For the democracy and the digital activists, the key issue here is to focus at the other end of the problem. It is the political parties that are primarily priming the pump of digital ad revenues, and even fake news. They are certainly under Indian law and Election Commission’s jurisdiction. If we can choke off the funds that can be spent on buying ads on such platforms, we would then have some amount of control on our elections. We could then also ask the digital platforms – if they want to show ads to their viewers – to discuss where such funds for ads are originating, or else can cut off their access to Indian electors.
This is where the BJP has made the elections even more difficult for its opponents and where the Election Commission has faltered. In the current rules of the electoral game, while the election spend per candidate is monitored and restricted, the parties themselves have no such limits. The BJP with its election bonds – a scheme of legalising corruption – has made sure that it has a much bigger war chest in these elections than any other party: it has received over 95 per cent of the proceeds of the election bonds. It also uses a number of companies and fronts to hide its election spending, some of which are not even in India. They are all supposedly non-resident “Friends of BJP” and Modi bhakts (sycophants) under multiple banners elsewhere, who are also adding to the Indian campaign.
How do we bring all this under the scanner? How do we restrict these multiple ways of buying ads? And finally, the urgent need for the elections to impose limits on the amount a party can spend on elections, not just for limits on or for a candidate as the rules currently stand. These are the burning questions before us today, if we want a relatively fair elections free from money power.
The task for the technical community – as we have discussed earlier in these columns – is to make sense of the new world that digital technologies are creating: from the new media to artificial intelligence. From production to consumption, the world is changing. How do we rework our social goals of a more equal and a just society: this is not the task of only social and political activists, but also of tech activists. They also need to join this larger struggle. How to keep elections fair and keep out money power from distorting the elections is very much a part of this larger struggle.
