The ADR analysis also showed that nearly 23% candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves and about 18% have serious criminal cases pending.

The representation of women in the ongoing Lok Sabha polls continues to remain dismally low, as only about 12% of the candidates in the fray in the fifth phase are female, according to an analysis by poll rights body Association for Democratic Reforms. Out of the total 695 candidates in the fifth phase on May 20, only 82 of them are women, the ADR said.

In the first phase of the elections, 135 (8%) female candidates contested while 100 (8%) women candidates fought in the second phase. Similarly, in the third phase of the elections, 123 (9%) female candidates contested while in the fourth phase, as many as 170 (10%) such candidates are in the fray.

The ADR analysis also showed that nearly 23% candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves and about 18% have serious criminal cases pending, including that of murder, attempt to murder, crimes against women, and hate speech. Three candidates have declared convictions against them. The ADR and National Election Watch analysed self-sworn affidavits filed by the candidates contesting in the phase five to get their criminal backgrounds, financial profiles, education, and gender.

The report also gave a party-wise break-up of criminal cases. Among the major parties, two (50%) out of four candidates from AIMIM, four (40%) out of 10 candidates from SP, seven (39%) out of 18 candidates from the Congress, two (33%) out of six candidates from Shiv Sena, 12 (30%) out of 40 candidates from BJP, two (29%) out of seven candidates from TMC, one (25%) out of four candidates from the RJD and one (13%) out of eight candidates from Shiv Sena (UBT) have declared serious criminal cases against themselves.

According to the ADR report, 29 candidates have declared cases related to crime against women. Out of 29 candidates, one has declared charge related to rape (IPC Section 376) and 10 have declared cases related to hate speech against themselves.

A notable 33% of the candidates are 'crorepatis' (those with assets exceeding ₹1 crore). The average asset per candidate stood at ₹3.56 crore. The top three candidates with the highest assets have declared values ranging from ₹110 crore to ₹212 crore.

Moreover, 47% of the candidates have declared liabilities, with some having high debt burdens amounting to tens of crores of rupees. However, the educational qualifications of candidates raise concerns, with 42% having qualifications between 5th and 12th standard, and only 50% being graduates or above.

Additionally, 26 candidates are diploma holders, 20 are just literate, and five are illiterate, the ADR said.